------------------------------ Loopers-Delight-d Digest Volume 97 : Issue 163 Today's Topics: Re: Sick Vortex Morphing Patch [ "Matt McCabe" ] Re: Vortex live (long) [ mark sottilaro ] Re: Drifting/Pitch changes [ landman@wco.com (Mark Landman) ] JamMan available, sort of [ "Hartnett, Travis" ] Re: Drifting/Pitch changes [ landman@wco.com (Mark Landman) ] Re: Drifting/Pitch changes [ matthias@bahianet.com.br (Matthias ] Good Ole Fashioned tape looping [ Steven Dubofsky ] Re: Good Ole Fashioned tape looping [ PainPete@aol.com ] Ultra lo tech looping [ "Thom S. Heileson" ] Just Theorizing [ "Thom S. Heileson" To: Subject: Re: Sick Vortex Morphing Patch Message-Id: <199709251825.LAA01499@gw1.bi-tech.com> Content-Type: text/plain Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit > From: Chris Chovit > I'd like to offer my assitance here, too. I am currently in the process of > coming up with some CGI code to allow people to enter their "personal > profile" directly from the web browser, rather than having to send the info > to Michael, Michael format the info, then send it to Kim to post it. That's a great idea....although I think someone should monitor the posts as some people (non-loopers of course) might abuse the process. Just a thought. Matt ------------------------------ Date: Fri, 26 Sep 1997 01:12:44 -0500 From: mark sottilaro To: Loopers-Delight@annihilist.com Subject: Re: Vortex live (long) Message-ID: <342B525B.683975D4@mailbox.syr.edu> Content-Type: text/plain; x-mac-type="54455854"; x-mac-creator="4D4F5353" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Hey, The Vortex sounds like a pretty cool device, but does it actually loop? I know you can tap out the delay time, but can you synch it to MIDI? Is the memory expandable like on the JamMan? Inquiring minds want to know! -- -- Mark @ ¿??? IAMNOTHERE c ------------------------------ Date: Fri, 26 Sep 1997 03:15:55 -0300 From: matthias@bahianet.com.br (Matthias Grob) To: Loopers-Delight@annihilist.com Subject: Re: Drifting Message-Id: Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" >One particular slightly aged stadium rock star wanted to know if we could >set up a pedal to control the amount that stereo unsynced loops went out of >phase! Do you see why this is so hard? > >Anyway, you can probably retain your clock drifting experiences on the >upgrade by leaving the brothersync cable out and setting the sync to "off" >like you have it now. That way, the stereo units will start and stop the >loop record at the same time by the midi command, but will have no other >points of reference to each other. So they will naturally drift apart. > >...and no I'm not going to make a pedal to control it. I am not going to do it either, but it would not be too complicated: Build a 44.1kHz generator (with 74HC03, for example) and change its frequency slightly with the pedal (the pot in series with the feedback resistor of the generator). Then feed the signal with a open collector buffer (another part of the HC03) into the tip of BrotherSync. Can easily be battery driven and probably could even be fed by the signal coming out of the BrotherSync tip. About a 1k resistor and a big capacitor should create The necesary 4V or so for the chip. Anyone? Matthias ------------------------------ Date: Fri, 26 Sep 1997 03:15:55 -0300 From: matthias@bahianet.com.br (Matthias Grob) To: Loopers-Delight@annihilist.com Subject: Re: more plex undo questions Message-Id: Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" dan mcmullen asked, ages ago: >>- it seems that loops just less than 1/3 of the available time can still >>fail to undo an overdub that crosses the start point. what is the actual >>percent of total loop time that can always support the two full undos >>necessary to eliminate overdubs that cross over the start point? > >This is why expanding the memory in the echoplex is a good idea! You don't >have to worry about things like this anymore. Take a look at the diagrams >about memory use in the Undo section of the manual. That should help you >some. > >Each time you do an overdub over a pass of the loop, you use a new section >of memory. If an overdub is done over a loop boundary, you will use two new >sections of memory equal to the loop time. So you have to be careful about >that when you don't have a lot of memory available. > >In the cases where you are using almost all the memory, the echoplex often >needs to set aside memory sections to handle situations where you need to >recover from something like an accidental record. I think that may be why >you couldn't undo twice when the loop was 1/3 of the total memory. Matthias >will have to explain that one better, since he knows it better than anyone. Its very important, when you press UNDO. Once you listened back to the error, you have to press UNDO twice, since you already created a copy of the error, when you listened to it. Thats why its 1/3: - the old "perfect" loop you want to go back to, - the one you played the error into (the one you are actually listening to) and - the one you are recording to right now. If you do not overdub or reduce feedback in that last recorded loop, it will be discarded and you will listen again to the second one. If the last overdub invaded the beginning of this last recorded loop, it will be kept, and to go back to the "perfect" loop, it will take one more in the memory. If you press UNDO before the error is repeated you should be able to get rid of it, even if the loops takes almost half the memory. There are quite a lot of cases. I hope with these informations and the graphics in the manual you can figure out what happens. Otherwhise ask more of those nice concrete questions and I might even answer a little quicker this time. Sorry. >>- the following sequence seems to confuse undo: >> >> - record a loop >> - 'accidentally' record over it, but end with undo to cancel the record >> and return to the first loop >> - overdub >> >>a long-press undo does not work at this point to remove the overdub. >>short-press undos can remove some of it, depending on where it is. anyone >>know what's going on here? I think that one is fixed in the upgrade Matthias ------------------------------ Date: Fri, 26 Sep 1997 10:08:29 -0700 From: "Julia & Dave" To: , Subject: Re: Vortex live (long) Message-Id: <199709261407.KAA11505@mail.colba.net> Content-Type: text/plain Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Hi, Yes the Vortex does loop, you have about two seconds, but unlike the JamMan, there is no MIDI. This one uses a nice CV input for an expression pedal or any similar source of control voltage. I control mine from the Joystick of the VCS-3. Incidentally, I had a JamMan and a Reflex, and both seemed to be humming a little. I thought this had to do with the adapters, but now that I have the Vortex which is the quietest device I have ever heard in the lower price range, I am beginning to suspect the hum was being carried thru the MIDI input. Is this possible at all? My studio is the quietest most line noise free setup I could ever assemble, and I only use headphones for monitoring because of my obsession with hiss and hum, so this observation isn't founded on guesswork. Nuff for now. D 4 V 1 D K R 1 5 T 1 4 N shhhhhhhhhh! ---------- > From: mark sottilaro > To: Loopers-Delight@annihilist.com > Subject: Re: Vortex live (long) > Date: Thursday, September 25, 1997 11:12 PM > > Hey, > > The Vortex sounds like a pretty cool device, but does it actually loop? > I know you can tap out the delay time, but can you synch it to MIDI? Is > the memory expandable like on the JamMan? Inquiring minds want to know! > > -- -- > Mark > > > @ > ¿??? IAMNOTHERE > c > ------------------------------ Date: Fri, 26 Sep 1997 10:03:54 -0700 From: landman@wco.com (Mark Landman) To: Loopers-Delight@annihilist.com Subject: Re: Drifting/Pitch changes Message-Id: Content-Type: text/plain Using this technique would it be possible to have much wider changes in the clock frequency? The only function the Echoplex is missing is variable speed/pitch (or even just a half speed octave down switch). Of course, this is probably the last thing you want to think about having just finished the updateÉ Best- Mark >>One particular slightly aged stadium rock star wanted to know if we could >>set up a pedal to control the amount that stereo unsynced loops went out of >>phase! Do you see why this is so hard? >> >>Anyway, you can probably retain your clock drifting experiences on the >>upgrade by leaving the brothersync cable out and setting the sync to "off" >>like you have it now. That way, the stereo units will start and stop the >>loop record at the same time by the midi command, but will have no other >>points of reference to each other. So they will naturally drift apart. >> >>...and no I'm not going to make a pedal to control it. > >I am not going to do it either, but it would not be too complicated: >Build a 44.1kHz generator (with 74HC03, for example) and change its >frequency slightly with the pedal (the pot in series with the feedback >resistor of the generator). Then feed the signal with a open collector >buffer (another part of the HC03) into the tip of BrotherSync. >Can easily be battery driven and probably could even be fed by the signal >coming out of the BrotherSync tip. About a 1k resistor and a big capacitor >should create The necesary 4V or so for the chip. >Anyone? > >Matthias ------------------------------ Date: 26 Sep 1997 12:12:49 -0700 From: "Hartnett, Travis" To: "Loopers Delight postings" Subject: JamMan available, sort of Message-ID: Content-Type: text/plain; Name="Message Body" Maybe he'll take cash (from Harmony Central): Lexicon Jam Man Asking Price: US$N/A Condition: Excellent Age: N/A Description: Trade wanted: Lexicon Jam Man (8 secs...but could make it 32 for you) used very little (was a store demo and was rarely tried) manual, power supply, one lexicon footswitch...no box. I want a Boss GX-700 or similar single rack space pre-amp multi effects...will sell for cash but would probably prefer a trade. (these guys are in the $375 plus range nowadays) thanks...roland@ccnet.com Seller: Roland Eberle, E-mail: roland@ccnet.com Location: HAYWARD, CA Post Date: 9/24/97 ------------------------------ Date: Fri, 26 Sep 1997 10:34:20 -0700 From: Kim Flint To: Loopers-Delight@annihilist.com Subject: Re: Drifting/Pitch changes Message-Id: <2.2.32.19970926173420.0070b958@pop.chromatic.com> Content-Type: text/plain No, you wouldn't be able to pull the clock anywhere near far enough for pitch changes, using this technique. The BrotherSync is for making finite and precise adjustments in the system and sampling clocks between different units to make them exactly in phase at the exact same frequency. Matthias' suggestion is a way to abuse that in order to intentionally introduce small, controlled differences in the clocks. That way two loops could drift from each other over time, which can sometimes be very cool. kim At 10:03 AM 9/26/97 -0700, you wrote: >Using this technique would it be possible to have much wider changes in the >clock frequency? The only function the Echoplex is missing is variable >speed/pitch (or even just a half speed octave down switch). Of course, this >is probably the last thing you want to think about having just finished the >updateÉ > >Best- > >Mark > > >>>One particular slightly aged stadium rock star wanted to know if we could >>>set up a pedal to control the amount that stereo unsynced loops went out of >>>phase! Do you see why this is so hard? >>> >>>Anyway, you can probably retain your clock drifting experiences on the >>>upgrade by leaving the brothersync cable out and setting the sync to "off" >>>like you have it now. That way, the stereo units will start and stop the >>>loop record at the same time by the midi command, but will have no other >>>points of reference to each other. So they will naturally drift apart. >>> >>>...and no I'm not going to make a pedal to control it. >> >>I am not going to do it either, but it would not be too complicated: >>Build a 44.1kHz generator (with 74HC03, for example) and change its >>frequency slightly with the pedal (the pot in series with the feedback >>resistor of the generator). Then feed the signal with a open collector >>buffer (another part of the HC03) into the tip of BrotherSync. >>Can easily be battery driven and probably could even be fed by the signal >>coming out of the BrotherSync tip. About a 1k resistor and a big capacitor >>should create The necesary 4V or so for the chip. >>Anyone? >> >>Matthias > > > > > _______________________________________________________ Kim Flint 408-752-9284 Mpact Systems Engineering kflint@chromatic.com Chromatic Research http://www.chromatic.com ------------------------------ Date: Fri, 26 Sep 1997 12:20:26 -0700 From: landman@wco.com (Mark Landman) To: Loopers-Delight@annihilist.com Subject: Re: Drifting/Pitch changes Message-Id: Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" Kim, Is the hardware designed so this type of manipulation just isn't feasible, or is this possible? Out of curiosity, did you get many requests for this type of function? Thanks- Mark >No, you wouldn't be able to pull the clock anywhere near far enough for >pitch changes, using this technique. The BrotherSync is for making finite >and precise adjustments in the system and sampling clocks between different >units to make them exactly in phase at the exact same frequency. Matthias' >suggestion is a way to abuse that in order to intentionally introduce small, >controlled differences in the clocks. That way two loops could drift from >each other over time, which can sometimes be very cool. ------------------------------ Date: Fri, 26 Sep 1997 16:45:13 -0300 From: matthias@bahianet.com.br (Matthias Grob) To: Loopers-Delight@annihilist.com Subject: Re: Drifting/Pitch changes Message-Id: Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" >Kim, > >Is the hardware designed so this type of manipulation just isn't feasible, >or is this possible? Out of curiosity, did you get many requests for this >type of function? > >Thanks- > >Mark No, with this HW its not possible because its cristal clocked. With the good old LOOP delay, you can tune down almost an octave, as I remember :-) I think tuning shoud not be done by changing master clock. You loose quality. In future products, there will be cleaner ways. Matthias ------------------------------ Date: Sat, 27 Sep 1997 01:43:14 -0400 (EDT) From: Steven Dubofsky To: Loopers-Delight@annihilist.com Subject: Good Ole Fashioned tape looping Message-Id: <199709270543.BAA17152@gti.net> I haven't seen any posts relating to reel to reel looping, is anyone stil doing this? Last year I sold both of my reel to reels, I miss them and am considering getting back into tape looping. Has anyone managed to come up with a single machine system? Would this work; signal hit the record head, using some kind of tape tension kluge, pull the tape some distance away from the machine, pre-capstan, so that the distance between the record and playback heads is increased. I've been messing with a Dokorder that I picked up a couple of weeks ago and it seems to me this could work. Any ideas? thanks ------------------------------ Date: Sat, 27 Sep 1997 13:04:55 -0400 (EDT) From: PainPete@aol.com To: Loopers-Delight@annihilist.com Subject: Re: Good Ole Fashioned tape looping Message-ID: <970927130127_188906359@emout03.mail.aol.com> When I did college radio I used the station's two Otari MX5050s. I have some old posts regarding this somewhere. I really miss them and am planning on replacing them with two personal units. If I were a mechanical genius I could probably modify one into a single-tape machine. But would it be worth the trouble? I can't remember why but it is not as simple as one might think, I agonized over the same concept long ago. (Two decks are expensive so I hope I am wrong). Still I love the sound of reel-to-reel feedback decay. Nothing else like it. Pete In a message dated 97-09-27 01:56:26 EDT, you write: << Subj: Good Ole Fashioned tape looping Date: 97-09-27 01:56:26 EDT From: skullsaw@gti.net (Steven Dubofsky) Resent-from: Loopers-Delight@annihilist.com Reply-to: Loopers-Delight@annihilist.com To: Loopers-Delight@annihilist.com I haven't seen any posts relating to reel to reel looping, is anyone stil doing this? Last year I sold both of my reel to reels, I miss them and am considering getting back into tape looping. Has anyone managed to come up with a single machine system? Would this work; signal hit the record head, using some kind of tape tension kluge, pull the tape some distance away from the machine, pre-capstan, so that the distance between the record and playback heads is increased. I've been messing with a Dokorder that I picked up a couple of weeks ago and it seems to me this could work. Any ideas? thanks >> ------------------------------ Date: Sat, 27 Sep 1997 12:13:02 -0700 From: "Thom S. Heileson" To: Loopers-Delight@annihilist.com Subject: Ultra lo tech looping Message-ID: <342D5ABF.7CFE@u.washington.edu> Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit >Good Ole Fashioned tape looping (Steven Dubofsky , Fri 10:43 PM) > >I haven't seen any posts relating to reel to reel looping, is anyone stil >doing this? Sort-of related but not really -- has anyone here played with an ultra lo-tech (and lo-fi) method of looping, i.e. hand-cut cassette loops? I've been lurking here a while; I mostly use an EPS classic for my looping, which is lo-tech enough, but this cassette method was something I and a parnter played with a few years ago. Something about its rawness, and its limitations actually seemed conducive to interesting + unexpected outcomes. Sort of akin to a Surrealist game/experiment technique. I recently forwarded a Loopers-Delight post to a friend of mine who uses looping (via sampler), and ended up reminiscing about the cassette technique... >> Interesting little blurb about looping. He's especially right about the >> way that repetition changes its meaning depending upon where the >> sequence is located within the larger structure. > >And depending on amount of repetition perceived by the listener. When I >was starting out doing the blue pill project with Jason (Holford), we got a bunch of >cassettes, took them apart and made short tape loops out of them, the >idea being to have an arsenal of these things for recording on and using >in songs -- a sampler of sorts before I had the sampler (and this lo-tek >method has certain aspects which digital sampling lacks). We were so >amazed at how we could use one of these to tape anything at all, and >then listen to the loop over and over... it was addicting... and hear >new patterns, new elements the more we did this. To me, this is a >fascinating thing, touching on the way our minds work (perceive). Just 'thought I'd share'... anyone else played with this, or am I soon to be ostracized for my tinker-toy shenanigans? :) BTW, snippets of the blue pill material can be heard on the web site listed below. Thom -- _ _ _ Thom Heileson //)) //^~ heileson@u.washington.edu ((// // http://weber.u.washington.edu/~heileson/index.html ------------------------------ Date: Sat, 27 Sep 1997 15:36:11 PDT From: "Joseph Buck" To: Loopers-Delight@annihilist.com, heileson@u.washington.edu Subject: Re: Ultra lo tech looping Message-ID: <19970927223612.257.qmail@hotmail.com> Content-Type: text/plain Thom- No ostracism here. In fact a real exploration of old school looping-how, what material, and what not would be a welcome lesson here. salam, buck > >>Good Ole Fashioned tape looping (Steven Dubofsky , Fri 10:43 PM) >> >>I haven't seen any posts relating to reel to reel looping, is anyone stil >>doing this? > >Sort-of related but not really -- has anyone here played with an ultra >lo-tech (and lo-fi) method of looping, i.e. hand-cut cassette loops? > >I've been lurking here a while; I mostly use an EPS classic for my >looping, which is lo-tech enough, but this cassette method was something >I and a parnter played with a few years ago. Something about its >rawness, and its limitations actually seemed conducive to interesting + >unexpected outcomes. Sort of akin to a Surrealist game/experiment >technique. > >I recently forwarded a Loopers-Delight post to a friend of mine who uses >looping (via sampler), and ended up reminiscing about the cassette >technique... > >>> Interesting little blurb about looping. He's especially right about the >>> way that repetition changes its meaning depending upon where the >>> sequence is located within the larger structure. >> >>And depending on amount of repetition perceived by the listener. When I >>was starting out doing the blue pill project with Jason (Holford), we got a bunch of >>cassettes, took them apart and made short tape loops out of them, the >>idea being to have an arsenal of these things for recording on and using >>in songs -- a sampler of sorts before I had the sampler (and this lo-tek >>method has certain aspects which digital sampling lacks). We were so >>amazed at how we could use one of these to tape anything at all, and >>then listen to the loop over and over... it was addicting... and hear >>new patterns, new elements the more we did this. To me, this is a >>fascinating thing, touching on the way our minds work (perceive). > >Just 'thought I'd share'... anyone else played with this, or am I soon >to be ostracized for my tinker-toy shenanigans? :) > >BTW, snippets of the blue pill material can be heard on the web site >listed below. > >Thom > >-- > _ _ _ Thom Heileson > //)) //^~ heileson@u.washington.edu > ((// // > http://weber.u.washington.edu/~heileson/index.html > > ______________________________________________________ Get Your Private, Free Email at http://www.hotmail.com ------------------------------ Date: Sat, 27 Sep 1997 15:50:56 -0800 From: Dorian Makres To: Loopers-Delight@annihilist.com Subject: Re: Good Ole Fashioned tape looping Message-ID: <342D9BD4.1AEE@fredmarshall.com> Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit - hi there . . . - I started making one-machine loop devices in the early sixties (before echo-plex) - anyone interested can contact me directly at: http://www.timetunnel@fredmarshall.com/ - here we are . . . fred ============================== Steven Dubofsky wrote: > > I haven't seen any posts relating to reel to reel looping, is anyone stil > doing this? Last year I sold both of my reel to reels, I miss them and am > considering getting back into tape looping. Has anyone managed to come up > with a single machine system? Would this work; signal hit the record > head, using some kind of tape tension kluge, pull the tape some distance > away from the machine, pre-capstan, so that the distance between the > record and playback heads is increased. I've been messing with a Dokorder > that I picked up a couple of weeks ago and it seems to me this could > work. Any ideas? > > thanks ------------------------------ Date: Sat, 27 Sep 1997 16:03:12 -0800 From: fred marshall To: Loopers-Delight@annihilist.com Subject: Re: Good Ole Fashioned tape looping Message-ID: <342D9EB3.3320@fredmarshall.com> Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit oOOPs- i gave the wrong address - - hi there . . . - I started making one-machine loop devices in the early sixties (before echo-plex) - anyone interested can contact me directly at: timetunnel@fredmarshall.com/ - here we are . . . fred ------------------------------ Date: Sun, 28 Sep 1997 02:20:27 -0400 From: crb@silvertone.Princeton.EDU (Curtis Bahn) To: loopers-delight@annihilist.com Cc: crb@silvertone.Princeton.EDU Subject: looping in Thessaloniki Message-Id: <199709280620.CAA11521@silvertone.Princeton.EDU> Tonight we will be looping in an ancient Greek bath which is now a bar in Thessaloniki. Our performance at the "Mylos Jazz Bar" is sponsored by the International Computer Music Conference. Our gear tonight includes: Jam man and echoplex DP driven by interactive MAX algorithms LiSa by STEIM Dan will be playing a custom 6 six string electric vioin and Curtis is playing a 5 string "Merchant vertical bass" with a pitch/MIDI converter. Each has a custom computer performance interface coordinating looping/ DSP and soundfile playback. hope to see you there, we start at 12:00a Curtis Bahn Dan Trueman ------------------------------ Date: Sun, 28 Sep 1997 10:45:20 +0200 From: Leonardo Cavallo To: Loopers-Delight@annihilist.com Subject: Re: Ultra lo tech looping Message-ID: <19970928084518218.AAB82@Default> Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" At 12.13 27/09/97 -0700, you wrote: >>Good Ole Fashioned tape looping (Steven Dubofsky , Fri 10:43 PM) >> >>I haven't seen any posts relating to reel to reel looping, is anyone stil >>doing this? > >Sort-of related but not really -- has anyone here played with an ultra >lo-tech (and lo-fi) method of looping, i.e. hand-cut cassette loops? > >I've been lurking here a while; I mostly use an EPS classic for my >looping, which is lo-tech enough, but this cassette method was something >I and a parnter played with a few years ago. Something about its >rawness, and its limitations actually seemed conducive to interesting + >unexpected outcomes. Sort of akin to a Surrealist game/experiment >technique. Sorry, the idea is really interesting but I didn't understand. Do you use 2 cassette recorder like Revox reels systems? Or is this not a real time looping (you cut the tapes before and then you play them at gigs)?? One idea could be (when I'll get my Echoplex I'll try this) to use prerecorded dat and cassette material to inject in the looper loops, while playing (I was thinking to volume pedals to control the output of the tapes). Could be interesting to have a mixer full of sound sources to let in at some moment in the loop (prerecorded tapes, radio, voices, other instruments, the crowd in front of you). Kind of casual interaction between your playing and the moment. Any comment about the role of caos and casuality in loop playing? ciao leo PS How does Torn use a mixer?? I heard it's a big part of his setup... ------------------------------ Date: Sun, 28 Sep 1997 06:53:02 -0700 From: "Thom S. Heileson" To: Loopers-Delight@annihilist.com Subject: Just Theorizing Message-ID: <342E613E.FA6@u.washington.edu> Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Complex postmodern theory applied to looping, anyone? Something recently sent to me, for what it's worth... >lyotard definition (Andrew Corey Yerkes , Thu 9:30 AM) > >I am reading an interesting book, _Just Gaming_, by Lyotard. It is >famous in English depts for defining postmodernity. Here is an >interesting bit especially revelant to looping and sampling: > >The modern addressee would be the "people," an idea whose referent >oscillates between the romantics' Volk and the fin-de-siecle >bourgeousie. Romanticism would be modern, as would the project, even if >it turns out to be impossible, of elaborating a taste, even a "bad" one, >that permits an evaluation of works. Postmodern (or pagan) would be the >condition of the literatures and arts that have no assigned addressee >and no regulating ideal, yet in which value is regularly measured on the >stick of experiementation. Or, to put it dramatically, in which it is >measured by the distortion that is inflicted upon the materials, the >forms and the structures of sensibility and thought. -- _ _ _ Thom Heileson //)) //^~ heileson@u.washington.edu ((// // http://weber.u.washington.edu/~heileson/index.html --------------------------------